Data security crisis in universities: identification of key factors affecting data breach incidents.

The extremely complex and dynamic digital environments of universities make them highly vulnerable to the risk of data breaches. This study empirically investigated the factors influencing data breach risks in the context of higher education, according to crime opportunity theory and routine activity theory. The data consisted of university samples from China and were collected mainly from the Chinese Education Industry Vulnerability Reporting Platform. After applying Poisson regression for the estimation, increased public disclosure of vulnerabilities was found to escalate the frequency of data breaches, whereas cross-border data flow decreased the number of data breaches. Furthermore, the mechanism by which academic strength affects data breaches was examined through the two mediators of cross-border data flow and vulnerability disclosure. In addition, cloud adoption reduced data breaches, and public clouds were determined to be relatively more secure than private clouds. Cloud adoption also acted as a moderator between the negative impact of vulnerabilities and the positive impact of cross-border data flow on data breaches. The estimation and robustness findings revealed the underlying mechanisms that impacted university data security, clarifying the understanding of data breaches and suggesting practical implications for universities and other institutes to improve information security. The findings of this study provide insights and directions for future research.

Content validity of the Constructivist Learning in Higher Education Settings (CLHES) scale in the context of the flipped classroom in higher education.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the flipped classroom (FC) approach has been a prominent teaching and learning strategy. Despite its popularity, few studies have been undertaken to effectively measure student learning experiences in an FC learning environment. The purpose of this study is to assess the content validity of the Constructivist Learning in Higher Education Settings (CLHES) scale, which is used to measure student learning experiences in a flipped classroom (FC) in the Saudi Arabian higher education environment. The content validity of the eight-dimension scale was examined using the three-tier methodology, including the content validity ratio (CVR) technique, based on the evaluations of selected experts in the field and factor analysis methodology. The results showed that 31 of the 32 items were accepted, with only one item being denied. The findings suggested that this instrument has a strong potential for usage as a valid scale to evaluate the quality of FC teaching and learning among higher education students.

Communicating science in the COVID-19 news in the UK during Omicron waves: exploring representations of nature of science with epistemic network analysis.

News media plays a vital role in communicating scientific evidence to the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such communication is important for convincing the public to follow social distancing guidelines and to respond to health campaigns such as vaccination programmes. However, newspapers were criticised that they focus on the socio-political perspective of science, without explaining the nature of scientific works behind the government's decisions. This paper examines the connections of the nature of science categories in the COVID-19 era by four local newspapers in the United Kingdom between November 2021 to February 2022. Nature of science refers to different aspects of how science works such as aims, values, methods and social institutions of science. Considering the news media may mediate public information and perception of scientific stories, it is relevant to ask how the various British newspapers covered aspects of science during the pandemic. In the period explored, Omicron variant was initially a variant of concern, and an increasing number of scientific evidence showed that the less severity of this variant might move the country from pandemic to endemic. We explored how news articles communicate public health information by addressing how science works during the period when Omicron variants surge. A novel discourse analysis approach, epistemic network analysis is used to characterise the frequency of connections of categories of the nature of science. The connection between political factors and the professional activities of scientists, as well as that with scientific practices are more apparent in left-populated and centralist outlets than in right-populated news outlets. Among four news outlets across the political spectrum, a left-populated newspaper, the Guardian, is not consistent in representing relations of different aspects of the nature of scientific works across different stages of the public health crisis. Inconsistency of addressing aspects of scientific works and a downplay of the cognitive-epistemic nature of scientific works likely lead to failure in trust and consumption of scientific knowledge by the public in the healthcare crisis.

Wicked problems in a post-truth political economy: a dilemma for knowledge translation.

The discipline of knowledge translation (KT) emerged as a way of systematically understanding and addressing the challenges of applying health and medical research in practice. In light of ongoing and emerging critique of KT from the medical humanities and social sciences disciplines, KT researchers have become increasingly aware of the complexity of the translational process, particularly the significance of culture, tradition and values in how scientific evidence is understood and received, and thus increasingly receptive to pluralistic notions of knowledge. Hence, there is now an emerging view of KT as a highly complex, dynamic, and integrated sociological phenomenon, which neither assumes nor creates knowledge hierarchies and neither prescribes nor privileges scientific evidence. Such a view, however, does not guarantee that scientific evidence will be applied in practice and thus poses a significant dilemma for KT regarding its status as a scientific and practice-oriented discipline, particularly within the current sociopolitical climate. Therefore, in response to the ongoing and emerging critique of KT, we argue that KT must provide scope for relevant scientific evidence to occupy an appropriate position of epistemic primacy in public discourse. Such a view is not intended to uphold the privileged status of science nor affirm the "scientific logos" per se. It is proffered as a counterbalance to powerful social, cultural, political and market forces that are able to challenge scientific evidence and promote disinformation to the detriment of democratic outcomes and the public good.

Distractions, analytical thinking and falling for fake news: A survey of psychological factors.

Analytical thinking safeguards us against believing or spreading fake news. In various forms, this common assumption has been reported, investigated, or implemented in fake news education programs. Some have associated this assumption with the inverse claim, that distractions from analytical thinking may render us vulnerable to believing or spreading fake news. This paper surveys the research done between 2016 and 2022 on psychological factors influencing one's susceptibility to believing or spreading fake news, considers which of the psychological factors are plausible distractors to one's exercise of analytical thinking, and discusses some implications of considering them as distractors to analytical thinking. From these, the paper draws five conclusions: (1) It is not analytical thinking per se, but analytical thinking directed to evaluating the truth that safeguards us from believing or spreading fake news. (2) While psychological factors can distract us from exercising analytical thinking and they can also distract us in exercising analytical thinking. (3) Whether a psychological factor functions as a distractor from analytical thinking or in analytical thinking may depend on contextual factors. (4) Measurements of analytical thinking may not indicate vulnerability to believing or spreading fake news. (5) The relevance of motivated reasoning to our tendency to believe fake news should not yet be dismissed. These findings may be useful to guide future research in the intersection of analytical thinking and susceptibility to believing or spreading fake news.

Integration of urban science and urban climate adaptation research: opportunities to advance climate action.

There is a growing recognition that responding to climate change necessitates urban adaptation. We sketch a transdisciplinary research effort, arguing that actionable research on urban adaptation needs to recognize the nature of cities as social networks embedded in physical space. Given the pace, scale and socioeconomic outcomes of urbanization in the Global South, the specificities and history of its cities must be central to the study of how well-known agglomeration effects can facilitate adaptation. The proposed effort calls for the co-creation of knowledge involving scientists and stakeholders, especially those historically excluded from the design and implementation of urban development policies.

Ciencia, tecnología y sociedad en el modelo formativo para la gestión de la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias / Science, technology and society in the training model for the management of health technology assessment i: en

La educación de posgrado en Cuba tiene una función determinante en el desarrollo de los profesionales. Al respecto, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba se ha implementado un modelo formativo para la gestión de la evaluación de las tecnologías sanitarias, en el cual se establece la interrelación e interconexión del enfoque en ciencia, tecnología y sociedad, así como el empleo del contexto y la contextualización en los referentes que permiten la transformación del proceso de formación de posgrado. En el actual artículo se expone cómo la aplicación de dicho modelo ha contribuido a moldear la preparación e incrementar la cultura de los gestores de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en salud, a la vez que ha favorecido la calidad de la educación de posgrado desde una perspectiva integral, materializada en la mejora de su gestión.

Postgraduate education in Cuba has a determining role in the development of professionals. In this regard, the University of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba has implemented a training model for the management of health technologies assessment, which establishes the interrelation and interconnection of the approach in science, technology and society, as well as the use of context and contextualization in the referents that allow the transformation of postgraduate training process. In the current article, it is exposed how the application of said model has contributed to shaping the training and improving the culture of health science, technology and innovation managers, at the same time that it has favored the quality of postgraduate education from an integral perspective, materialized in the improvement of its management.

What can mathematical modelling contribute to a sociology of quantification?

Sociology of quantification has spent relatively less energies investigating mathematical modelling than it has on other forms of quantification such as statistics, metrics, or algorithms based on artificial intelligence. Here we investigate whether concepts and approaches from mathematical modelling can provide sociology of quantification with nuanced tools to ensure the methodological soundness, normative adequacy and fairness of numbers. We suggest that methodological adequacy can be upheld by techniques in the field of sensitivity analysis, while normative adequacy and fairness are targeted by the different dimensions of sensitivity auditing. We also investigate in which ways modelling can inform other instances of quantification as to promote political agency.

Identifying personal physiological data risks to the Internet of Everything: the case of facial data breach risks.

Personal physiological data is the digital representation of physical features that identify individuals in the Internet of Everything environment. Such data includes characteristics of uniqueness, identification, replicability, irreversibility of damage, and relevance of information, and this data can be collected, shared, and used in a wide range of applications. As facial recognition technology has become prevalent and smarter over time, facial data associated with critical personal information poses a potential security and privacy risk of being leaked in the Internet of Everything application platform. However, current research has not identified a systematic and effective method for identifying these risks. Thus, in this study, we adopted the fault tree analysis method to identify risks. Based on the risks identified, we then listed intermediate events and basic events according to the causal logic, and drew a complete fault tree diagram of facial data breaches. The study determined that personal factors, data management and supervision absence are the three intermediate events. Furthermore, the lack of laws and regulations and the immaturity of facial recognition technology are the two major basic events leading to facial data breaches. We anticipate that this study will explain the manageability and traceability of personal physiological data during its lifecycle. In addition, this study contributes to an understanding of what risks physiological data faces in order to inform individuals of how to manage their data carefully and to guide management parties on how to formulate robust policies and regulations that can ensure data security.

Bias against parents in science hits women harder.

Worldwide, parenthood remains a major driver for the reduced participation of women in the job market, where discrimination stems from people's biases against mothers, based on stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding the vision of motherhood in our society. In academia, parenthood may be perceived as negatively affecting scientists' commitment and dedication, especially women's. We conducted a survey amongst Brazilian scientists and found that mothers self-reported a higher prevalence of negative bias in their workplace when compared to fathers. The perception of a negative bias was influenced by gender and career status, but not by race, scientific field or number of children. Regarding intersections, mothers with less than 15 years of hiring reported having suffered a higher rate of negative bias against themselves. We discuss implications of these results and suggest how this negative bias should be addressed in order to promote an equitable environment that does not harm women in science.

Voice assistants in private households: a conceptual framework for future research in an interdisciplinary field.

The present study identifies, organizes, and structures the available scientific knowledge on the recent use and the prospects of Voice Assistants (VA) in private households. The systematic review of the 207 articles from the Computer, Social, and Business and Management research domains combines bibliometric with qualitative content analysis. The study contributes to earlier research by consolidating the as yet dispersed insights from scholarly research, and by conceptualizing linkages between research domains around common themes. We find that, despite advances in the technological development of VA, research largely lacks cross-fertilization between findings from the Social and Business and Management Sciences. This is needed for developing and monetizing meaningful VA use cases and solutions that match the needs of private households. Few articles show that future research is well-advised to make interdisciplinary efforts to create a common understanding from complementary findings-e.g., what necessary social, legal, functional, and technological extensions could integrate social, behavioral, and business aspects with technological development. We identify future VA-based business opportunities and propose integrated future research avenues for aligning the different disciplines' scholarly efforts.

An importance-performance analysis of teachers' perception of STEM engineering design education.

There is an increasing worldwide trend toward the development of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education using engineering design (ED) practice. Considering that teachers play pivotal roles in terms of student interest in STEM subjects and careers, it is important to explore teachers' perceptions of STEM-ED education. We analysed survey data from 184 technology teachers who participated in empowerment training (using a STEM-ED curriculum) in 2017, 2018, 2021, and 2022. We used an importance-performance analytical model to investigate the teachers' perceptions of STEM-ED itself, its impact on students, and the challenges experienced during implementation. The results showed that various improvements were required for STEM-ED promotion and for the preparation of STEM-ED lessons. Analysis of variance revealed that the age groups taught and the number of weekly teaching hours significantly affected the teachers' perceptions of STEM-ED. These findings will assist educational institutions worldwide in planning future education policies, designing teacher empowerment courses, and understanding teachers' needs in efforts to improve STEM-ED.

Prevención de enfermedades profesionales y superación profesional, valoraciones desde los estudios sobre Ciencia, tecnología y sociedad

El proceso de actualización del modelo económico-social cubano de desarrollo socialista, genera importantes transformaciones asociadas a la actividad de trabajo; aspecto que refuerza la significación médico-social de la prevención de enfermedades profesionales. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de valorar la significación de la prevención de enfermedades profesionales para la superación del médico de familia, a partir de los estudios ciencia, tecnología y sociedad. Entre los métodos empleados figuran el histórico-lógico, el analítico-sintético y la sistematización; aplicados esencialmente en la valoración de las direcciones principales y referentes ubicados en el campo de los estudios ciencia, tecnología y sociedad. También se empleó la revisión de documentos para examinar instrumentos programáticos y disposiciones jurídicas. Los resultados incluyen valoraciones sobre los referentes vinculados al tema, la determinación de nexos con el desarrollo socioeconómico del país y el establecimiento de relaciones teórico-conceptuales desde un enfoque interdisciplinario, humanista, activo y transformador.

The process of bring up to date of the pattern socio-economic Cuban of development socialist, generates important transformations associated to the work activity; aspect that reinforces the doctor-social significance of the prevention of professional illnesses. The present work has the objective of valuing the significance of the prevention of professional illnesses for the family doctor's self-improvement, starting from the studies science, technology and society. Among the used methods they figure the historical-logical one, the analytic-synthetic one and the systematizing; applied essentially in the valuation of the main and relating addresses located in the field of the studies science, technology and society. The revision of documents was also used to examine programmatic instruments and juridical dispositions. The results include valuations on the relating ones linked to the topic, the determination of nexuses with the socioeconomic development of the country and the establishment of theoretical-conceptual relationships from an interdisciplinary, humanist focus, I activate and transformer.

La obtención de la vacuna cubana Abdala como proceso social, sus condicionantes sociales

El texto presta atención las condicionantes sociales principales de la obtención de la vacuna Abdala como proceso social. El primero, histórico fundacional, se relaciona con la actitud científica del médico cubano Tomás Romay y Chacón ante el conocimiento y la práctica de la medicina; el segundo, político de partida, tiene que ver con importantes decisiones políticas tomadas por el gobierno revolucionario cubano a partir de 1959 que sentaron las bases para las políticas públicas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación; el tercero, educativo revolucionario, más cercano en el tiempo, remite a la educación patriótico-revolucionaria adquirida por quienes iniciaron la biotecnología en Cuba, que les permitió resultados relevantes en los comienzos de este campo a nivel internacional; el cuarto, organizativo tecnológico, remite a las formas organizativas innovadoras empleadas en la obtención de la vacuna Abdala. El objetivo general que se persigue es caracterizar los referidos condicionantes principales.

SUMMARY The text pays attention to four main social conditions of obtaining the Abdala vaccine as a social process. The first, foundational history, is related to the scientific attitude of the Cuban doctor Tomás Romay y Chacón towards the knowledge and practice of medicine; the second, starting political, has to do with important political decisions taken by the Cuban revolutionary government from 1959 that laid the foundations for public policies on science, technology and innovation; the third, revolutionary education, closer in time, refers to the patriotic-revolutionary education acquired by those who started biotechnology in Cuba, which allowed them to obtain relevant results at the beginning of this field at an international level; the fourth, technological organizational, refers to the innovative organizational forms used to obtain the Abdala vaccine. The general objective pursued is to characterize the aforementioned main determining factors.

The perception of plastic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic-an analysis of online search patterns on a medical information platform.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted global life and transitioned economies and societal perceptions of life as we knew it. Professional and social life mostly ground to a nadir during the first lockdown in Europe in March. As a consequence, measures aimed at preventing the spread of the virus were established in medical facilities also and elective plastic surgery procedures were temporarily suspended in our clinic and others. A majority of the population, including those potentially contemplating plastic surgery procedures, spent most of their time at home with ample time available to research information about surgical procedures and other topics online. This investigation analyzes the relevance of plastic surgery during the pandemic on the basis of online search behavior patterns. Online traffic data from the online platform http://www.mooci.org were extracted using Google Analytics over a period of 6 months. The parameters analyzed were: pageviews, session duration, and bounce rate. Additionally, differentiation by areas of interest has been obtained. The data were compared and analyzed before and after the beginning of the first hard lockdown in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. There were no significant differences in regard to pageviews and session duration when comparing time points before and after the beginning of the hard lockdown. The bounce rate exhibited a significant decrease after the beginning of the lockdown, implying a more conscious search for information and greater absorption and retention. There was no difference that could conclusively be attributed to the pandemic in terms of specific areas of interest researched. Society's demand for information about plastic-surgical procedures continues to be steadily prevalent-despite, or even in particular, during a global pandemic. Providing reliable and readily available information about plastic surgery procedures is an important component of a functioning doctor-patient relationship and informed consent. This information may reflect society's increased interest in plastic surgery during the pandemic, or be simply reflective of more spare time at hand to allow for such research. Further studies should investigate the relevance of elective procedures over the entire course of the pandemic.

Parents' digital skills and their development in the context of the Corona pandemic.

We investigate parents' and guardians' digital skills and the extent of their development in the context of the spread of the Corona epidemic. In addition, we sought to explore the differences in digital skills between parents and their employment status, age, and responsibility in teaching children. We sought to rely on the descriptive-analytical approach and prepared a scale of eight theoretical dimensions with the participation of 250 students' Saudi parents. The application of the study was by online submission form (via Edit Submission). Our findings showed that there was a discrepancy in the performance of the sample, which was very high in the dimensions of operational skills, instrumental skills, and cognitive constructivism skills. There were also differences between the effect of computers on the instrumental skills and cognitive constructivism skills of the parents. Parents' dependence on alternative digital sources in exploring for information, formulating knowledge, manipulating it, and criticizing. The learner can reach the cognitive level in a more flexible manner, which allows him to gain learning objectives. The knowledge navigation can be developed because of different online outdoor exercises and software familiar. This requires self-organization to search for appropriate knowledge to use in the renewal of the cognitive structure.

Leverage zones in Responsible AI: towards a systems thinking conceptualization.

There is a growing debate amongst academics and practitioners on whether interventions made, thus far, towards Responsible AI have been enough to engage with the root causes of AI problems. Failure to effect meaningful changes in this system could see these initiatives not reach their potential and lead to the concept becoming another buzzword for companies to use in their marketing campaigns. Systems thinking is often touted as a methodology to manage and effect change; however, there is little practical advice available for decision-makers to include systems thinking insights to work towards Responsible AI. Using the notion of 'leverage zones' adapted from the systems thinking literature, we suggest a novel approach to plan for and experiment with potential initiatives and interventions. This paper presents a conceptual framework called the Five Ps to help practitioners construct and identify holistic interventions that may work towards Responsible AI, from lower-order interventions such as short-term fixes, tweaking algorithms and updating parameters, through to higher-order interventions such as redefining the system's foundational structures that govern those parameters, or challenging the underlying purpose upon which those structures are built and developed in the first place. Finally, we reflect on the framework as a scaffold for transdisciplinary question-asking to improve outcomes towards Responsible AI.

Do genomic passports leave us more vulnerable or less vulnerable? Perspectives from an online citizen engagement.

Since genomics is becoming commonplace in healthcare for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, the prospect of generating a genomic passport for all citizens is gaining traction. While this would have many advantages, it raises ethical issues requiring societal debate alongside academic reflection. Hence, Sciensano-the Belgian scientific Institute of Public Health-organised an online citizen engagement on genomic information usage, including a question on a genomic passport for all. The inductive thematic analysis of participants' contributions highlighted vulnerability as a fundamental concern, while this has not received sufficient attention so far in genomics. Participants expressed their vulnerability in two ways. First, the genomic passport would inform them about their ontological vulnerability. By revealing their constitutional weaknesses (predisposition to diseases), it reminds them that everyone is unavoidably and perennially at risk of being harmed. Second, the misuse of the genomic passport can add situational vulnerabilities (e.g., discrimination causing psychological and economic harm). Moreover, the fundamental uncertainty in genomics-how will such sensitive information be used, and how will the science evolve?-exacerbates these vulnerabilities. This article ends with recommendations to alleviate these vulnerabilities in genomics now and in the future in which the genomic passport may become a reality.

Climate-resilient development planning for cities: progress from Cape Town.

Priorities and programmes in the City of Cape Town's Integrated Development Plan (2022-2027) demonstrate progress towards operationalising local level planning for climate-resilient development. These developments provide lessons of process and focus on transformative outcomes for cities seeking equitable and just development while implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation.